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All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. This report is part of the RAND Corporation Monograph series.

The research was commissioned by The Wallace Foundation. The research in this report was produced within RAND Education, a unit of the RAND Corporation. Recommendations for providers and policymakers address ways to mitigate barriers by capitalizing on a range of funding sources, engaging in long-term planning to ensure adequate attendance and hiring, and demonstrating positive student outcomes. School districts and summer programming providers can benefit from the existing research and lessons learned by other programs in terms of developing strategies to maximize program effectiveness and quality, student participation, and strategic partnerships and funding. A review of the literature on summer learning loss and summer learning programs, coupled with data from ongoing programs offered by districts and private providers across the United States, demonstrates the potential of summer programs to improve achievement as well as the challenges in creating and maintaining such programs. Instruction during the summer has the potential to stop these losses and propel students toward higher achievement. Research has shown that students' skills and knowledge often deteriorate during the summer months, with low-income students facing the largest losses. Despite long-term and ongoing efforts to close the achievement gap between disadvantaged and advantaged students, low-income students continue to perform at considerably lower levels than their higher-income peers in reading and mathematics.

Everlasting summer h routes